ABSTRACT
<p><b>PURPOSE</b>The aim of this present study is to investigate the prevalence of alcohol and substance abuse (ASA) and its relationship with other risky driving behaviors among motorcycle drivers.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>This is a cross sectional study which is performed at Shiraz city of Iran. Data from motorcycle drivers were collected using a standard questionnaire in eight major streets at different times of the day. The data includes consumption of alcohol and other substances two hours before driving and some of the risky behaviors during driving.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 414 drivers with a mean ± SD age of (27.0 ± 9.3) years participated in the study. Alcohol or substance consumptions two hours before driving was significantly associated with risky driving behaviors such as using mobile phone during driving, poor maneuvering, and driving over the speed limit (both p < 0.001). It was also associated with carelessness about safety such as driving with technical defects (p < 0.001) and not wearing a crash helmet (p=0.008).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Screening for alcohol and substance consumption among motorcycle drivers is an efficient way to identify drivers that are at a greater risk for road traffic accidents.</p>
Subject(s)
Adult , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Accidents, Traffic , Mortality , Age Distribution , Alcoholism , Epidemiology , Chi-Square Distribution , Confidence Intervals , Cross-Sectional Studies , Developing Countries , Iran , Motorcycles , Odds Ratio , Prevalence , Risk Factors , Risk-Taking , Substance-Related Disorders , Epidemiology , Survival Rate , Urban PopulationABSTRACT
Background and Aim: A lot of biological investigations are aimed to find pain decreasing or relieving substances that appear in various diseases. Parabrachial nucleus plays an important role in cognitive and emotional aspects of pain. The present study was designed to evaluate the inhibitory effect of bicuculine- as a GABA A receptor antagonist- on the number of multiform neurons in Parabrachial region of adult male rats in tonic pain model
Materials and Methods: This experimental study was carried out on 40 Wistar male rats. Based on the pain induction, the animals were divided into 8 groups [n=5]. Bicuculine was administrated in doses of 50, 100, and 200 ng/rat. Using stereotaxic method, Bicuculine was administrated to the rats` brain parabrachial area
The present study utilized Formalin test as a standard method for pain stimulations. Thereafter, Gimsa staining method was applied for histological determination of multiform cells. The obtained data was analyzed using statistical testsincluding Student-t and one-way ANOVA
Results: Our data showed no significant changes in the number of multiform cells in Parabrachial nucleus between the animals administrated by bicuculine at the dose of 50 compared with the controls [P>0.05]. Nevertheless, the number of these cells was decreased significantly in the animals administrated by bicuculine at the doses of 100 and 200 when compared to the controls [p<0.05]
Conclusion: It was found that nociceptive stimulations cause changes in the number of multiform neurons in para- brachial nucleus. Nevertheless, higher dose administration of GABA A receptor antagonist has preventive effects on neuronal dysmorphogenesis at this brain area